A Brief History of the KGB and Its Origins

A Brief History of the KGB and Its Origins In the event that you united the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), included a couple of weighty tablespoons of suspicion and suppression, and made an interpretation of the entire megillah into Russian, you may end up with something like the KGB. The Soviet Unions principle interior and outer security organization from 1954 until the separation of the U.S.S.R. in 1991, the KGB wasnt made without any preparation, but instead acquired quite a bit of its methods, faculty, and political direction from the extraordinarily dreaded organizations that went before it. Prior to the KGB: The Cheka, the OGPU and the NKVD In the fallout of the October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the recently shaped U.S.S.R., required an approach to keep the populace (and his kindred progressives) under control. His answer was to make the Cheka, a contraction of The All-Russian Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage. During the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920, the Cheka - drove by the one-time Polish blue-blood Felix - captured, tormented, and executed a great many residents. Over the span of this Red Terror, the Cheka culminated the arrangement of outline execution utilized by ensuing Russian knowledge offices: a solitary shot to the rear of the casualties neck, ideally in a dim cell. In 1923, the Cheka, still under Dzerzhinsky, transformed into the OGPU (the Joint State Political Directorate Under the Council of Peoples Commissarsâ of the U.S.S.R. - Russians have never been acceptable at appealing names). The OGPU worked during a moderately uneventful period in Soviet history (no gigantic cleanses, no interior expulsions of a huge number of ethnic minorities), however this organization presided over the formation of the principal Soviet gulags. The OGPU likewise violently aggrieved strict associations (counting the Russian Orthodox Church) notwithstanding its typical obligations of uncovering dissidents and saboteurs. Surprisingly for an executive of a Soviet insight organization, Felix Dzerzhinsky passed on of characteristic causes, dropping dead of a coronary failure in the wake of impugning liberals to the Central Committee. In contrast to these previous organizations, the NKVD (The Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs) was absolutely the brainchild of Joseph Stalin. The NKVD was sanctioned around a similar time Stalin organized the homicide of Sergei Kirov, an occasion he blamed so as to cleanse the upper positions of the Communist Party and strike dread into the people. In the 12â years of its reality, from 1934 to 1946, the NKVD captured and executed actually a great many individuals, supplied the gulags with millions increasingly hopeless spirits, and moved whole ethnic populaces inside the tremendous breadth of the U.S.S.R. Being a NKVD head was a risky occupation: Genrikh Yagoda was captured and executed in 1938, Nikolai Yezhov in 1940, and Lavrenty Beria in 1953 (during the force battle that followed the passing of Stalin). The Ascensionâ of the KGB After the finish of World War II and before his execution, Lavrenty Beria directed the Soviet security mechanical assembly, which stayed in a to some degree liquid condition of different abbreviations and authoritative structures. More often than not, this body was known as the MGB (The Ministry for State Security), now and then as the NKGB (The Peoples Commissariat for State Security), and once, during the war, as the ambiguously hilarious sounding SMERSH (short for the Russian expression smert shpionom, or passing to spies). Simply after the demise of Stalin did the KGB, or Commissariat for State Security, officially appear. In spite of its fearsome notoriety in the west, the KGB was in reality progressively compelling in policing the U.S.S.R. what's more, its eastern European satellite states than in inciting unrest in western Europe or taking military privileged insights from the U.S. (The brilliant period of Russian undercover work was in the years promptly following World War II, before the arrangement of the KGB, when the U.S.S.R. sabotaged western researchers so as to propel its own improvement of atomic weapons.) The major outside achievements of the KGB included stifling the Hungarian Revolution in 1956 and the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, just as introducing a Communist government in Afghanistan in the late 1970s; be that as it may, the agencys karma ran out in mid 1980s Poland, where the counter Communist Solidarity development rose successful. All during this time, obviously, the CIA and the KGB occupied with a detailed worldwide move (regularly in underdeveloped nations like Angola and Nicaragua),â involving operators, twofold specialists, purposeful publicity, disinformation, under-the-table arms deals, obstruction with races, and evening time trades of bags loaded up with rubles or hundred-dollar notes. The specific subtleties of what happened, and where, may never become known; a significant number of the specialists and controllers from the two sides are dead, and the current Russian government has not been imminent in declassifying the KGB files. Inside the U.S.S.R., the demeanor of the KGB toward smothering dispute was to a great extent directed by government strategy. During the rule of Nikita Khrushchev, from 1954 to 1964, a specific measure of receptiveness was endured, as saw in the distribution of Alexander Solzhenitsyns Gulag-time diary One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (an occasion that would have been unfathomable under the Stalin system). The pendulum swung the other path with the rising of Leonid Brezhnev in 1964, and, particularly, the arrangement of Yuri Andropov as the leader of the KGB in 1967. Andropovs KGB harassed Solzhenitsyn out of the U.S.S.R. in 1974, turned the screws on the protester researcher Andrei Sakharov, and for the most part made life hopeless for any conspicuous figure even somewhat disappointed with Soviet force. The Death (And Resurrection?) of the KGB In the late 1980s - incompletely on account of the sad war in Afghanistan and mostly as a result of an inexorably exorbitant weapons contest with the U.S. - the U.S.S.R. started to self-destruct, with uncontrolled swelling, deficiencies of industrial facility products, and tumult by ethnic minorities. Head Mikhail Gorbachev had just executed perestroika (a rebuilding of the economy and political structure of the Soviet Union) and glasnost (a strategy of transparency toward protesters), however while this appeased a portion of the populace, it incensed firm stance Soviet civil servants who had become used to their benefits. As might have been anticipated, the KGB was at the front line of the counter-unrest. In late 1990,â then-KGB head Vladimir Kryuchkov enrolled high-positioning individuals from the Soviet first class into aâ tight-sew conspiratorial cell, which got a move on following August in the wake of neglecting to persuade Gorbachev to either leave for its favored up-and-comer or announce a highly sensitive situation. Outfitted warriors, some of them in tanks, raged the Russian parliament working in Moscow, however Soviet President Boris Yeltsin held firm and the upset immediately burnt out. After four months, the U.S.S.R. authoritatively disbanded, allowing self-governance to the Soviet Socialist Republics along its western and southern outskirts and dissolving the KGB (alongside all other Soviet administrative bodies). Nonetheless, establishments like the KGB never truly disappear; they simply expect changed appearances. Today, Russia is commanded by two security offices, the FSB (The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation) and the SVR (The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation), which comprehensively relate to the FBI and the CIA, separately. Progressively troubling, however, is the way that Russian President Vladimir Putin went through 15 years in the KGB, from 1975 to 1990, and his inexorably totalitarian guideline shows that he has acknowledged the exercises he realized there. Its far-fetched that Russia will until the end of time consider a to be office as horrendous as the NKVD, yet an arrival to the darkest days of the KGB is obviously not feasible.

Weekly Assignment No. 12 & Weekly Assignment No. 13 Essay

Week by week Assignment No. 12 and Weekly Assignment No. 13 - Essay Example We are looking into the exhibition of large temporary worker organizations on the ongoing tasks to choose the one we might want to contract with. A strategic agreement is a sort of strategy when the business is in the calculated stage. The extent of work, the assets and different business fundamentals have not yet been concluded. Then again, a marketable strategy is the real arrangement of a business once everything has been settled. It has situation subtleties and is normally made for a time of five years. The field-tested strategy incorporates yet isn't restricted to the items, the expense and advantage investigation, targets and the showcasing plan. Business visionaries need a marketable strategy so as to come up with the administration and initiative methodologies. The field-tested strategy proposes the assets that the business person ought to mastermind just as the achievements that the business person needs to accomplish. The marketable strategy gives the business visionary a firm reason for his/her future choices and a target comprehension of the business as a

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Writing Review - Essay Example Kundera shows himself both as a capable student of history and clinician. In very much organized, captivating way Kundera ensnares his perusers in the realms of his books. His innovative works is an indication of ideological battle of Czech learned people in the period of Stalinism. Kundera was a Communist himself when this belief system was conceived, yet very soon he was expulsed from the Party and his vocation was compromised on account of his blameless joke. From that second Kundera in his books utilized jokes, incongruity and mockery so as to show how blameless fool can demolish lives. This exploration paper is centered around his two books â€Å"The Joke† and â€Å"The Book of Laughter and Forgetting†. On the instances of these two works a change of Kundera from a scrutinizer of the past to a snide faker of the past is appeared. Dualistic way of Kundera’s composing is appeared as a reason for his books. Along these lines the essayist discusses the past and the present; he shows practical and nonrealistic fundamental characters; delineates the hole between heroes’ convictions and real factors and so on. His way of composing is bipolar; in such a way Kundera as far as anyone knows needs to show the equivocalness of human lives. This vagueness was very much perceived on the case of the time of Stalinism. Individuals needed to think and act in one manner in their day by day life, yet in their cognizant, substances they lived different lives. Damaging power of Stalinism is appeared on the instances of Kundera’s primary characters of these two fundamental books. Ludvik, Helena, Mirek, Tamina and others were destructed by the immense ‘Communist slaughter’. So as to evaluate their pith, dissect their past, these characters meander between self-examination and vengeance, between blaming them and the history for their lost lives. In these shocking turbulences echoes a fate of Kundera. In this way while perusing these two books it is conceivable to uncover the window ornament of secretive virtuoso of

Reasons Why Cheerleading Is a Sport - Free Essay Example

People often say that cheerleading is not a sport. Many people dont know that cheerleading is split into two different types; such as competitive cheerleading and school cheerleading. These two things may sound similar but they are completely different. For that being said, the article Cheerleadingstates,origins of the sport are defined by its name. I In the late 1980s competitions against other teams started to take place (Ruder). The competitive aspect of cheerleading that has evolved throughout the years should be enough to make cheerleading a sport. School cheerleading is when a team is cheering on the football or basketball team using cheers and chants (Cheerleading). Competitive cheerleading is when different cheerleading teams compete against each other. Each team competes for a two minute and thirty-second routine (Cheerleading). Which Includes very hard skills that require training; such as stunts, tumbling, jumps, and a dance. There are guidelines and skills that are split into different divisions. All these skills are placed in a routine that is choreographed to music. The music is very upbeat and helps the cheerleaders when it comes to timing so the skills can be synchronized. Each skill that is placed into the routine i s meant to be performed in the best way as possible (Cheerleading). If any skills are executed outside of the guidelines, it may result in a penalty of points (Foley 464). Each team is scored based on the cleanness and how well the routine was executed (Gianoulis). No matter how hard the routine might be, the athletes are supposed to look good and have a good form while performing because they are being watched by the judges(Ruder). Like most sports, the athletes are required to train and prepare their bodies for the sport in order to be strong enough. In all sports, there is a winner and a loser. In school cheerleading you technically dont compete against anyone, therefore, you cant win or lose (Ruder). In competitive cheerleading, the purpose is to compete against the other cheer team and there is always a winner or a loser. A sport is defined as, an activity that involves physical exertion and skill in which each individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment (Ruder). Cheerleading fits that definition because of the amount of training and skill that is required. Cheerleaders spend large amounts of time training, they spend hours and hours to be able to do elaborate stunts and learn specific routines(Ruder). It is imp ortant for cheerleaders to have muscular endurance in order to obtain and perform skills. Stretching and flexibility is a large part of cheerleading in order for cheerleaders to obtain success. The article, Cheerleading states that, the athletic skill required to become a cheerleader has increased, however, so has the number of cheerleading-related injuries(Gianoulis). There have been many injuries in relation to cheerleading. However, the risk and the serious possible injuries should make cheerleading more visible as a sport. In 1987 the important cheerleading safety standards were created by the American Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Administrators (Machuca 9). There have been lots of injuries because of cheerleading and the risks are increasing still today. Machuca states that cheerleading has been deemed one of the most dangerous female sports (9). The most common injuries that have taken place are to the ankles and to the wrist. These injuries are due to an overload of pressure from either tumbling or lifting someone up in the air (Foley 464). Stunting and tumbling pertain to large amounts of force and cheerleaders must be trained properly to learn how to absorb the pressure. If the pressure is not absorbed correctly, it can result in a broken bone or another serious injury. Foley states that cheerleading accounts for sixty-three percent of catastrophic injuries to female high school students and fifty-six percent of injuries at the college level in the USA(464). Foley states that there are only twenty-nine high schools in the USA that recognize cheerleading as a sport(464). Due to the large amounts of risk of injuries, the instructor should be certified in order to teach and coach the stunts that cheerleaders learn. Competitive cheerleading is just as competitive as any other sport. Ruder states Cheerleading requires some of the highest athletic ability of all. You can travel out of state and stay overnight for competitions. Ruder also states that, Cheerleading competitions didnt take place until the 1980s, with the competition itself that defines cheerleading as a sport (Ruder). Cheerleaders spend tons of money traveling and buying uniforms. For competitive cheerleading, you can practice up to four times a week. As a competitive cheerleader, you have many responsibilities that you have to uphold on the team (Ruder). If you fail to uphold your responsibilities you may let your team down. If you make one mistake it may result in points being deducted for the entire team. If you have good standings, your team could have the chance to make it to The Cheerleading Worlds. It is the largest competition in the world. The teams that compete there, compete against other teams that come from all over the world. School cheerleading is completely different from competitive cheerleading but many people dont know the difference. Ruders article explains, In my eyes, the main reason why people try to argue that cheerleading is not a sport is that in their mind, they are picturing girls in skirts yelling, Go team! on the sidelines (Ruder). This proves that school cheerleading changes what people think cheerleading really is. However, some school teams may compete competitively once or twice. With that being said, the routines that are competed by school cheerleaders are not the same as competitive cheerleading routines; for example, they are not as complex. Some could say that school cheerleading gives cheerleading a bad name. However, because people think that people participate in school cheerleadingfor the social status. The social status of cheerleading can be a good or a bad thing. As a school cheerleader, cheerleaders are supposed to uphold a standard of representing the school. Gianoulis says, there are many people who reject the school status hierarchies and who view the cheerleaders as shallow snobs rather than social successes(Gianoulis). People think that cheerleaders are strong athletes who try to seek a recognition in one acceptable way for females(Gianoulis). This explains, that in schools, cheerleading can start issues because people think cheerleaders think they are above everyone else. Gianouliss article states that cheerleading plays an important role. In many schools, cheerleading has become a battleground for social issues(Gianoulis). A student from the University of Connecticut charged the school with discrimination because they kicked her off the cheerleading team for being overweight (Gianoulis). There are also other issues that take place that gives cheerleading a bad name. In movies and tv shows, they make cheerleaders seem like they are being sex objects; making them seem bad and giving the name of cheerleading a bad name(Giannoulias). Gianouliss article states that cheerleaders are easy targets and are often stereotyped as being stupid and superficial(Gianoulis). The article, Cheerleading, states that, Some women devote their lives to cheerleading, for themselves or their daughters; others condemn it because it turns women into boosters at best and sex objects at worst(Gianoulis). People give cheerleading a bad name because they assume things about the sport that isnt true. Also because of what they might see on tv or other things. Gianiuliss article talks about a situation that happened in a high school in Texas that staged a walkout for twenty-eight days in protest of their schools racist policies concerning the cheerleading selection(Gianoulis). As any other sport does, cheerleading provides a lot of businesses in the economy. In the 1940s, Lawrence Herkimer created the National Cheerleaders Association. NCA holds large competitions and camps that originate in Dallas, Texas. The camps teach lots of skills that help the cheerleaders at a very good price (Gianoulis). Over the years, the business profits have increased tremendously as cheerleading has grown and become more popular. This also attracted competition. Jeff Webb started his own company as well. His company originates in Memphis, Tennessee. This company is named the Universal Cheerleaders Association, also known as UCA. This company also pairs with the Varsity Spirit Corporation. The Cheerlea ding article states the Varsity Spirit even expanded abroad, signing a deal in Japan, where cheerleading is popular(Gianoulis). The debate is very popular , on social media and in relation with other people who participate in other sports. Someone who participates in cheerleading understands the amount of time, money, and energy that goes into the sport. For someone talk badly about a person that dedicates their life to cheerleading, it would be insulting. Overall, I strongly believe that competitive cheerleading is a sport because of a large amount of training, the amount of skill that has to be implied, and the risk of injuries due to the amount of difficulty within the sport. I would like to see a change in the way that people view cheerleading. Being a part of a team teaches kids how to work within a team. As a cheerleader myself, I would most definitely recommend it to anyone for their child.

Greek And Roman Influence On Western Culture - 1063 Words

Greek and Roman Contribution To Western Culture Greek and Roman culture are the most often thought of in history, and that is due to the many contributions it had to the future. Greeks were very philosophical and were constantly questioning morality. The Classical age of the Greeks, 479-323 B.C.E., is mentioned in reference to tragedies. During this age, Greeks were exploring their minds and searching for deeper understandings. They were also infatuated with fate and the effects of trying to modify one’s fate. Another period involving Greek culture was the Hellenistic age. This is the time period when the Library of Alexandria is sprouted. The Hellenistic age had a â€Å"Greek-like† culture, in this context means that people were still curious about the world, but the focus shifted from philosophically to scientifically. The Roman Empire was a monarchy until 509 B.C.E. when it was overthrown and turned into a Republic. Overtime, the Republic grew weaker and weaker with violence and corruption and finally crashed with the assassination of Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar was a key ruler for Rome and during his lifetime became dictator for life. Scared of the concentration of power, the Senate assassinated him. Four contributions from the Greeks and Romans to Western culture include the structure of the Roman Republic, the creation of libraries, the establishment of public news, and the birth of tragedies. The Roman Republic, lasting from 509 B.C.E. - 27 B.C.E., may be the mostShow MoreRelated Roman and Greek Philosophys Influence on Todays Western Culture780 Words   |  4 Pages Advances in Art, science and politics were made in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Greek philosophers were among the first in the West to explore nature in a rational way and to make educated guesses about the creation of the world and the universe. 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From art we can determine the basic moral and philosophical beliefs of many ancient societies. The differences in arts purpose in Greece and Rome, for example, show us the fundamental differences in each cultures political and moralRead MoreComparison Between Greece And Greece1376 Words   |  6 Pagesother, cultures mingled and ideas were shared. Greece and Rome in a sense were sister, but not twins. Sitting on the craggy Balkan Peninsula is a collection of powerful city-states known as Greece. Often credited as the birthplace of western culture, Greek culture shaped the western world into what it is today. Western philosophy, literature, mathematics, history, drama, medicine, and democracy all find their roots in the Hellenistic world. If Greece is the birthplace of European culture, Rome is

Health Informatics Computerized Physician Order

Question: Describe about the Health Informatics for Computerized Physician Order. Answer: Background The report is on critically reviewing literatures on computerized physician order entry to determine the effectiveness of the technology for health care system and issues faced in implementation of the technology in health care field. In order to carry out the literature review, research articles were searched from google scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and NCBI databases. The key search term for identifying relevant literature included computerized physician order entry (CPOE), issues in implementation of CPOE, factors affecting the adoption of CPOE, transition from traditional method to CPOE system and prevention of medical errors through CPOE. The inclusion criteria for the literature review was to include current article published within 10 years and all those which gives an idea of development in health care setting. The research article which provided development in other field of practice except the medical field was excluded from the research. It helped in refining the search process and getting that literature article which gives a scope for current development and identifying gaps in study related to CPOE. There has been a boom in the evolution of Information Technology in the last few decades and Internet has been an integral part of the evolution. The development of telegraph, radio, telephone and computers have paved the way for the evolution of internet. The role of internet in daily life has become indispensible almost for all individuals worldwide, in our professional, educational as well as personal lives. Internet is a global network that connects million of computers and electronic devices and where information can be posted and shared with anybody. The influence of internet has spread to every domain of science and markedly increased the productivity and efficacy of the same (Gssling Lane, 2015). Medical science has utilized the resources of internet in various ways. Huge amount of data is collected on a regular basis from several fields of medical science, which is not possible to store and analyze without the aid of computers and internet (Polepalli et al., 2016). The application of internet in this field is diverse and of immense significance. It has been applied in areas like patient care, medical and health literacy and medical research. Electronic mail, WWW, and file storage and transfer capabilities can be of immense use in providing efficient healthcare. Emails are the most cheap and useful way to communicate between doctors and patients as well as between doctors from different domains. The internet all provides a wide array of data sources ranging from scientific journal, peer-reviewed articles, medical databases, educational sites, so on and so forth. Internet being the most efficient media can provide emergency medical expertise in life and death situations. The s cenario of primary healthcare practice has undergone a surge due to changes in healthcare delivery and the explosion of health information (Ek et al., 2013). Health Information System (HIS) is the building blocks of efficient health systems. The aim of Health Information System is to have transparency in information accessibility for enhanced accountability. Low and middle-income countries mostly lag behind in this department. Health Information System aid in decision making in the field of healthcare. Data generation, compilation, analysis, synthesis, communication and use are the key aspects of Health Information System. It collects information from health and other relevant sectors and applies it to provide quality healthcare (Abdelhak et al., 2014).In addition to monitoring and evaluation, it has broader aspects such as providing support to patients and health facility management, providing alert and early warnings. Information is required from different sectors including different confounding factors that affect health outcomes like socio economic, environmental behavior and genetic factors, the health outcomes and health inequalitie s in the different sections of the society. Overall, a Health Information System provides information for policymakers and decision makers and gives appropriate frameworks for policy development and implementation (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Information is often obtained from various government sectors and agencies at country, regional and global level. Health surveys, birth and death registration, census, health facility reporting, health system resource tracking and capacity for analysis, synthesis and validation of health data are primary indicators for efficient health information system performance (Watson et al., 2014). The evolution of the information technology has led to digital innovation and has played a role in revolutionizing the health care. The technology used in medical filed have turned out be very efficient in transforming the manner of delivery of care. Medical field now works by utilization of range of health technology to change the landscape of care. Medical technology is now widely utilized to improve the hospital experience, facilitate surgery simulation, streamline lab testing and create referrals through the use of cloud based data and software (How Technology is Improving Medical Care, 2016).For example medical technology has been used to update hospital experience and keep with pace demands of patients. Technological innovation ranged from improving the room design of the hospital and eliminates redundant clutter that acts as barrier in modern approach to health care facilities. Information technology has also been useful in improving referrals process and reaching out to milli ons of health care providers and patients digitally. It also aids in eliminating the gap in health delivery caused due to delay in treatment process or being able to reach patient on time (Street et al., (2013). Software innovations like computerized physician order entry (CPOE) has also provided solution to medication order errors and store and analyze data in a digital format (Nuckols et al., 2014). Computerized physician order entry (Overview) Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) is the process of electronically entering clinical instruction to reduce medication errors in the health care system. The CPOE system was designed to minimize the work burden due to paper chart. This is the best example of digital transformation in health care system where clinicians got the option to transfer all health information to patients digitally. The rise in usage of CPOE became evident after the introduction of federal HITECH Act and the Meaningful Use program which helped in rapid usage of CPOE in health care setting. CPOE system came up originally to improve errors in medication orders and facilitate safety in health care delivery. Medication error can be expensive and risk patients life. A research investigated the reduction in medication errors through CPOE system. A national representative data of American Hospital was estimated for percentage reduction in medication error through CPOE. The results showed that processing of med ication through CPOE system decreases clinical error by 48% and this can reduce significant medical cost associated with errors. Current policies related to increase in CPOE adoption system can be effective in preventing medication errors every year (Radley et al., 2013). However, with advancement in health informatics, modern system of CPOE has involved. In order to reduce vulnerabilities in the system, it is necessary that clinicians select the appropriate dose and frequency of medication, efficiently transcribe the prescription, proper dispensing of medication after consideration of drug-drug interaction and administration of the medicine at the right time. The integration of CPOE system with clinical decision support system is an effective approach to reduce errors. The adoption of CPOE in the health market has evolved after the introduction of computerized decision support system for prescribing medicines. In case of England, the uptake of CPOE has been very slow due to conflict in localized adapter practice and generic system and due to unrealistic adopter demands. Immaturity in the market has been regarded as the major reason for slow uptake of CPOE. This comes from the fact that policy makers have incomplete insight about the technology and ne gative adopters reaction to the technology (Mozaffar et al., 2015). Hence lack of insight for effective implementation process might be the reason for slow growth. However, the use of technology can be enhanced by new federal policy initiatives. Literature review CPOE system has been found to be effective in improving efficiency in workflow and reducing medical errors. The research study by Schneider et al., (2013) is an evidence of the advantage of CPOE in health care system. The purpose of the study was to eliminate the problem of delay in magnetic resonance examination through the use of electronic magnetic resonance (MR) safety screening process in CPOE system. The MR examination reports and orders of all patients within the period of 4 months were assessed after the implementation of MR safety system. The data was assessed regarding the time from first order to final report, time required for completion of MR examination and length of stay in the hospital. The results showed that electronic safety screening process resulted in a decrease in the time between first MR order till the completion of MR examination. A significant reduction in time for MR report was seen in CPOE system compared to paper processing. Hence, this literature review was significant in enabling early diagnosis, starting treatment process effectively and then reducing the length of stay in the hospital. The CPOE system can be useful in improving adherence to clinical guidelines and improving the delivery in health care system. This finding is supported by review of article which investigated whether the automated alerts within the CPOE system can improve practice guidelines for ordering Pap test or not. It proposed that electronic health record can be useful in enhancing test utilization in health care system. The study was also significant due to limited research on automatic alert system on Pap ordering according to screening guidelines (Howell et al., 2014). According to American Cancer Society guidelines for prevention and early detection of cervical cancer, it is also essential to begin screening test at the age of 21 (The American Cancer Society guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer, 2016).The alert system prevented Pap orders in women less than 21 years as presented in guidelines and greater than 71 years and the limitation of each Pap order was recorded. Results were compared during periods of pre-alert, post-alert, errors in alert system (glitch period) and the post-glitch period. The research findings showed that alert system was effective in reducing the Pap test frequency in the post alert period. The result is reflective of the practical guidelines in Pap test as it included patients with history of abnormal Pap test and to discontinue testing for patients with normal Pap results in the past (Howell et al., 2014). Hence, from this literature review one can get an idea that alert system in health informatics can help to improve compliance to organizational guidelines and enable effective utilization of lab test. Computerized physician order entry can help in improving screening process for diseases. Development in health informatics and introduction of CPOE is acting as a revolution in the ordering process of health data and eliminating misuse of health care service. There are several research which shows the benefit of CPOE in decreasing cost in health care service, shortening the length of stay in hospital, reducing medical errors and improving adherence with clinical guidelines. However, as it is a relatively new technology, there is no best approach to its implementation and organization leaders must play a role in meeting challenges in the system and efficiently implementing it in health care setting to improve the quality of care (Computer physician order entry: benefits, costs, and issues. - PubMed NCBI, 2016). The research study by Cabezas et al., (2016) explained that screening of hepatitis B virus is essential before initiation of cytotoxic chemotherapy for treating patients with malignant disease. This screening process is essential to decide the type of intervention for patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and patients who are HBsAg negative. It helps in deciding the treatment required before or after the chemotherapy treatment. The research indicated that CPOE system can be applied to improve the rate of screening process and hence CPOE system along with efforts on proper management of the system can help in improving the screening rate for Hepatitis B virus screening (Cabezas et al., 2016). Despite advantage in the utilization of CPOE system in health care setting, there are many issues that health staff experience due to change in processing of health care information. This fact became clear with the review of a literature on the attitude of clinical physicians towards the use of automatic alert in CPOE system. The study based on quantitative and qualitative survey was done with physician in 11 hospitals in 9 different countries. Among the hospitals, some of them were using the CPOE system while in some CPOE system was not implemented. Although majority of physicians supported the fact that CPOE system has enhanced alert system to improve medication safety, however it is necessary to introduce such system according to clinical context to avoid chaotic situation due to adopting new technology (Jung et al., 2013). The literature was useful in bringing the issue of alert overload and this helped in identifying the need to provide more information to staff to maintain this technology for smooth running of the system. Hence, a sophisticated strategy will minimize disruptions in health care practice and also lead to proper adoption of the system among clinicians. CPOE has been regarded as an important element in modernization of medical field and facilitating quality improvement in health care setting. However, the initial phase of adoption is difficult due to presence of many internal and external factors within health care organization. Certain local factors might facilitate uptake of CPOE or it might also stall the rollout of CPOE in hospitals (Khanna Yen, 2014). This is evident from one study which showed that CPOE lead to errors due to duplication of medical dose and poor design of the leading to error in displaying dose options of medications. There were also reports that implementation of CPOE lead to significant increase in mortality rate after the implementation of CPOE compared to the period before CPOE implementation (Han et al., 2005). Hence, the technology has been found to impede the clinical workflow when the system fails to recognize important clinical information. With this issues faced in adoption of the system, it is neces sary that this technology should be examined by ethnographer to understand the efficacy of complex processing system. To identify the factors that influence adoption of CPOE system, a recent review article is effective in giving information about the reasons for medication error related to CPOE system. To monitor the medication errors, the medication reports of patients were assessed to find the errors occurring in the prescribing period or due to CPOE. The results showed that more than 50% of errors were related to CPOE. The problem arose mainly due to delay in making medicines available to patients or due to patients receiving duplicate or higher dose of drugs. Inefficiency and error was also seen in categorization and formatting of reports which lead to wrong transmission of information, dosing error and duplicate orders (Amato et al., 2016). Hence, this literature provided insight into the reasons leading to error after CPOE and safety can be maintained only by using taxonomy which all health care staffs can understand. This will help in meeting the objective of introducing CPOE and lead to spee dy treatment process. The specialty of physician might also be a factor affecting the adoption of CPOE. This aspect of adoption of new technology in health care setting was investigated by cross-sectional study and the researchers regarded the fully functional CPOE as an indicator of successful adoption of the technology in health care setting. All the predictive factors related to impact of geographical location, characteristics of physician and the degree of physician was analyzed by logistic regression analyses. The results showed that specialty of physician influenced the adoption process. Primary care physician were found to highly use the technology compared to surgical specialties physician. However, it was found that the adoption did not dependent on geographical location or health care ownership. This literature review article was successful in identifying major predictors of adopting CPOE which were specialty of clinicians, status of practice and the level of consultation by internet (Malhani et al., 2016). User satisfaction is also the most critical factor in implementation of health care informatics. There are many reports which showed that CPOE system failed or were successful in hospitals due to resistance or acceptability by the users respectively. Failure in efficiently adopting the system might occur when patients needs are not considered during introducing the technology or when patients do not receive timely intervention due to disruption in work flow due to the technology. To determine the satisfactions level of patients due changes in health information processing over time, a cross sectional survey was done to know about the advantages and disadvantage of CPOE. It was found that end-users were moderately satisfied with the technology; however difference in opinion were seen according to user groups. For example in case of providers, the perception about CPOE remained positive from the beginning, but for nurses, the satisfaction level gradually increased when they got well-ac quainted with the technology (Hoonakker et al., 2013). Review of another research article was useful in providing insight into the factors that affect the adoption of CPOE in hospitals. Although CPOE has been introduced to maintain quality and safety of health care service; however the health care setting can face many issues in adopting to a new technology. These issues may range from resistance to the new system among health staffs to the issues related to cost involved in efficiently running such technology. The research article gave an idea about the lessons that health care organizations have learnt while implementing CPOE in their hospitals. The experiences and attitude of physicians and administrators at hospitals in USA revealed that successful implementation process of CPOE depended on clinical governance, preparation for change and support and perception of key health care team. In hospitals where the CPOE process was successful, it was because of effective organization decision making and engaging clinicians to clear any doubt s about the process. Preparation and advance planning was also essential and this helped in adopting to the system because health staffs were given necessary training to use the technology and computer application without any error. Support from highly trained person who has good grasp with the CPOE system also helped in providing instant support to staffs in case of any query. In hospitals who failed to adopt the system, it was mainly because of negative perception about new technology (Simon et al., 2013). Many were afraid of the change and felt that it will hamper their workflow. However, strong clinical leader can intervene to develop positive attitude towards the new technology. Hence, this literature review helped in identifying the critical role of health care leaders in addressing issues related to adoption of CPOE and facilitating smooth transition of health informatics. Majority of resistance in adopting CPOE is due to speculations that it might lead to decrease in utilization of hospital resource. As there were very little evidence regarding the lower resource utilization due to CPOE, this factor was investigated by (Teufel et al., 2012) who tried to analyze the relationship between CPOE use and other the resource utilization in children health care unit. A cross-sectional design helped in getting answer to the research question. The results showed that although CPOE implementation is expensive process, however compared to hospitals without this system, hospitals with CPOE did not lead to lower cost per case. Hence, very few financial benefits for hospital were found according to this literature study. It is necessary to emphasize on strategies that promote adoption of CPOE and also lead to financial benefits. The research is useful for early adopters of the system to estimate cost savings in the process. There might be unintended socio-technical consequences of CPOE. To investigate the impact of this factor on outpatient setting, ethnographic and interview data were collected from an interdisciplinary team in four hospitals. The consequences were distinguished according to the Diffusion of Innovations theory and it showed that desirable and undesirable consequences may occur due to CPOE system. While the undesirable consequences were related to improvement in patient safety and fast diagnosis, the undesirable consequences included problem in workflow and interpersonal relationship among health care team. Many hazardous situations also arose due to error in alert system leading to misinterpretation of patients critical health information. Anticipated benefits of the system were elimination of illegible order, fewer medical errors. Howevr it also lead to undesirable impact such as physicians leaving the organization or longer time for completing the order due to lack of training. Other unanticipated benefits included better collaboration of activities due to alert system and creating safety net by giving alert system the trigger to identify wrong drug and give correct order. Unanticipated issues related to the system were also found such as too many alerts leading to missing good alerts and lower satisfaction level in physician due to coding errors. The key leanings from this literature review is that people involved in CPOE implementation should understand the unintended consequence properly in order to foresee problem before hand and be prepared to counter those situations (Ash et al., 2007). Social issues might also be reason for failure in the implementation of CPOE. This element of resistance in adoption of CPOE was explained by a research study investigating the social issues surrounding CPOE implementation process. The main objective was to analyze the interrelated effects of the factors in medical setting and to recommended ideal steps to manage the issues during the implementation process. A semi-structures interview was conducted with the people involved in CPOE implementation process and grounded theory approach was used to evaluate specific problems and analyze the situation. The findings that emerged from the study was that social and technical issues negatively hampered workflow and this was the reason for withdrawal of end-users from the system. Hence, a cumulative effect of both social and organizational issues can lead to failure in introducing the CPOE system in health care setting. This literature is useful lesson for people engaged in such project and it will help them to understand the aspects of workflow before initiating such ventures in health care setting (Peute et al., 2010). User satisfaction is also an indicator of the acceptability of health technology and realizing its benefits in promoting good health. High user satisfaction with CPOE can be achieved when users can easily access health information, immediately act according to those information and alerts were given regarding any potential error (Murray-Weir et al., 2014). A review article gave greater insights into factors that influence user satisfaction by use of a model to investigate about level of acceptance and actual use of electronic patient record in acute care setting. A randomized stratified sampling approach was taken to recruit nurses and explain them the actual use of technology. 33.6% variation were found in actual use and greater effects were seen between expectancy and actual use, presence of facilitating factors and effort put in it and the level of compatibility with the service. The literature was useful in providing a mediation relationship between effort expectancy and performa nce expectancy (Maillet et al., 2015). The current advances in eHealth technology have given immense functional benefits in data storage, management and retrieval, and supports decision making process. Electronic patient record or electronic transfer of prescription is the eHealth technology useful in health data storage while CPOE and CDSS give decision making support. CDSS linked with CPOE provides guidance with diagnosis, giving recommendations for treatment and including alert system to enable safe prescribing method (Cooper et al., 2015). Health care staffs and key stakeholders working in leading clinical sites need to perform a range of activities to provide support in clinical decision making. Literature review of one article provided insight into the activities that people engage in during implementation of clinical decision support system (CDS). This ethnographic research revealed that major activities were in the area of fostering relationship with activities like training, assembling the system with technical s upport and content development, utilizing the system appropriately to meet organization goal and participating in policy activities for smooth flow of the system (Wright et al., 2014). Benefits of health information technology are also interrelated with the role of organization and other informational complementary. Majority of the research articles are of the opinion that adoption of new health technology will dramatically change the scenarios in hospital setting and lead to drastic improvement in patient care. The research study McCullough et al., (2013) analyzed the impact of IT adoption on patient outcomes and identify the hidden mechanism through which this technology facilitates input of labour. The investigation into the matter showed that although IT adoption lead to significant improvement in mortality rate, however the impact was not significant for median patients. Thus results gave the implication that benefits of the technology can be seen in large health care organization which have mix of critically and moderately ill patients. Secondly, successful integration of the system in hospital setting is also possible after proper coordination and health inf ormation management. Therefore direct benefits are seen in those patients who required cross specialty diagnosis involving complex management of health data. User interface design of CPOE has an impact on the accessing important clinical information during diagnostic and treatment process. A review article on similar topic supports this view and the researcher analyzed whether user interface design of CPOE can affect the access rate to patients record when linking infrequently accessed data through user interface. The Vanderbilt University Hospital augmented clinical support advice with other education support features. A randomized controlled trial analyzed the utilization rate of the interfaces among clinicians. The control groups were able to access decision support from a menu in CPOE interface and the intervention group received active notification through sensitive hyperlinks with decision support data. The results showed that access rate for decision support data was higher in intervention group compared to control group. Therefore this literature review was a useful evidence to prove that availability of context sensitive data can increase the utilization rate of user-interface (Rosenbloom et al., 2005) Many health care professionals have resisted use of this technology because of lack of computer experience and this even makes them leave the health clinic. There is also a speculation regarding whether clinical role or position has impact on the adoption of CPOE in hospitals. A mixed method study in Canada evaluated the barriers to adoption on electronic medical record in physician practice. After reviewing so many articles on use of CPOE system, it is clear that CPOE has been implemented to solve the problem associated with paper system, improve the quality of health decision making and improving cost return in practice by reducing the cost involved in health data management. Despite so many benefits, it is still not clear why many countries have not yet decided to adopt this system in the clinic. This was the motivation behind the investigation the reasons for withdrawal from CPOE. A mixed method study was done with highly qualified physicians with good IT knowledge and with famil y physician who practice without EMR system. The results revealed that initial decision in investing on the system becomes difficult due to behavioral, technical, economic and knowledge based factors. Knowledge barrier was one of the vital reasons for not investing in the system. However, in some no barriers were seen but stills they had not invested in electronic medical record (Par et al., 2014). Hence, from this literature review, the recommendation is that the government and policies should take relevant action to mitigate the barriers and provide support to medical practices. Another important development in health informatics was seen from a literature review which brought to the forefront the integration of CPOE with cloud-based BP to improve self-management in hypertensive patients. This discovery became important when it was found that majority of hypertensive patient cannot maintain normal blood pressure level and hence cannot self-manage the disease. Therefore the researcher tried to speculate whether the integration of cloud based BP system with CPOE will lead to improvements in BP management compared to traditional care methods or not. A randomized controlled study was done with participants diagnosed with hypertension. The physicians had access to cloud based BP data of all participants. The results demonstrated that the intervention group had better control over BP compared to control BP over a period of six months. Hence, the benefits of CPOE in the self-management of illness also became evident from the literature review. There is also minimum chance of resistance from users as it does not require any technical skills and it will lead to positive attitude in patient and better adherence to medication (Lee et al., 2016). Summary The above report on literature review of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) started with the introduction on the development of the internet and how it has revolutionized the whole world. It direct benefits on the medical world was also seen with range of health information technologies like electronic health record, CPOE, CDSS and many other innovative technology. It gave an idea about the developments in HIS to support health care system and improve the quality of health care delivery. As the literature review mainly focused on CPOE, an short overview of the topic was given by explaining about the need for such system and how its use actually started. It brought to the forefront the drawbacks of the traditional paper system on medication orders and how the complex management of paper data led to medical errors. Hence, literature review into the topic helped in getting idea about the immense benefits of the system and its use has gradually widened in all aspects of medical fi eld. Different research on the developments in CPOE system revealed range of information about the system such as its efficacy in reducing medical error, facilitating work flow on care implementation of the system, improving the screening process for disease, adhering to clinical guideline and many other issues. However, despite enormous benefits challenges and the issues faced in adopting the system in different hospitals in different countries was also seen. Analysis of the issues showed that all sorts of technical, social, economic or knowledge based issues mainly occurred due to ineffective planning at the initiation phase. Success in implementation process can occur when adequate training and skills is given regarding management of such system. The scope for further research in this topic is to identify other critical areas in medical practice where the system can be exploited to gain maximum benefits. References Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S., Hanken, M. A. (2014).Health information: management of a strategic resource. Elsevier Health Sciences. Amato, M. G., Salazar, A., Hickman, T. T. T., Quist, A. J., Volk, L. A., Wright, A., ... Adelman, J. (2016). 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Writing Your Own Health and Wellness Essay Topics

Writing Your Own Health and Wellness Essay TopicsHealth and wellness essay topics are a great way to get your college writing done, as well as gain additional experience. Essay writing is not an easy endeavor, and it can be even more so when you have so many options and ways to make your essay's unique. To be successful with any of your assignments, you need to know which essay topics are going to help you and which ones are going to cause you problems.As stated above, health and wellness essays are a wonderful way to write about something that you love. You are able to use this essay topic to make a connection between your interests and a natural or scientific principle. All that is required of you is to come up with a simple example that connects well to your interests.A health and wellness essay topic should never be too broad. Too many people take this approach, thinking that the more different things they write about, the better their essay will be. In reality, the truth is that most essays written on this topic are not all that good. If you try to incorporate too many different things, you are liable to be lacking in some areas and well-written in others.When choosing health and wellness essay topics, make sure that you select topics that relate to you. There is nothing wrong with writing about your own interests or personal issues. However, keep in mind that different individuals will have very different needs and circumstances. So, if you cannot relate to one idea, try researching a similar topic that will be easier for you to relate to.Health and wellness essay topics can vary from something as simplistic as 'how to prevent snoring' to as complex as 'why does smoking cause cancer.' By considering the reasons why you need to write about something, you are able to eliminate those that might seem trivial or unimportant. It is also important to keep in mind that different people have different needs, so don't be afraid to include other perspectives or expe riences.After considering the topic and the options that are available to you, you will be able to narrow down your choices of health and wellness essay topics. If you feel that you may not be comfortable with a topic of great depth, you can always choose the less difficult topics. There is no harm in using those that are more simplistic if you feel that you don't want to tackle the problem as a whole.However, you may have to make some assumptions and choices to find the right health and wellness essay topics. For example, you might want to use surveys to find out what other people feel about a certain issue. On the other hand, if you prefer to give personal testimonials about your own experiences, you can do so. There is no right or wrong answers; only different opinions.The important thing to remember is that there are many health and wellness essay topics that you can choose from. Try to avoid choosing topics that you are too embarrassed to discuss in a public setting. This is a great way to gain a much-needed perspective on a social issue without anyone else knowing. So, start researching now!